Cannabidiol

This Journal introduces some of the current thinking and practice of using cannabidiol (CBD) to treat chronic disease conditions. I hope to leave you with some confidence in and knowledge about the basic science of CBD.

The marijuana plant family contains more than 100 different chemicals called cannabinoids, all of which affect the body in different ways. Currently, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the main cannabinoid chemicals which have been studied. These 2 compounds are the ones used in the growing field of medical marijuana therapy.

This Journal will focus on the science and use of CBD.

CBD works in the human body by activating the CB1 and CB2 receptors of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). CB1 receptors are located throughout the body, especially in the central nervous system. CB2 receptors are more common in the immune system and affect inflammation and pain. The ECS is thought to be the largest biochemical receptor system in the body. The full scope of the science of CBD and the ECS is quite extensive even at this relatively early point in the history of its research curve.

Unlike THC, CBD has no psychotropic effects. First isolated in 1940 and ultimately chemically characterized in 1963, research has demonstrated that CBD has wide ranging activity in terms of reducing inflammation and the damaging effects of the free radicals which result from inflammation. CBD also favorably modulates the function of the immune system.

Research on CBD is extensive

In the past 50 years there have been innumerable peer reviewed articles on the cannabinoids. The next paragraphs highlight just one such article.

In September, 2011, an NIH based research article was published in the journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine. Researchers detailed some of the technical science about the biochemistry and mechanisms of action of CBD. The authors describe how CBD can be used to attenuate chronic degenerative conditions such as: pain, diabetes and diabetic complications, hypertension, ischemia reperfusion syndromes, depression, neurological diseases, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. Many other disease conditions have been found to be favorably affected by CBD treatment.

The manuscript put forth the following conclusions:

“Inflammation and oxidative stress are intimately involved in the genesis of many human diseases. Unraveling that relationship therapeutically has proven challenging, in part because inflammation and oxidative stress ‘feed off’ each other. However, CBD would seem to be a promising starting point for further drug development given its antioxidant (although relatively modest) and anti-inflammatory actions on immune cells, such as macrophages and microglia. CBD also has the advantage of not having psychotropic side effects.”

“Studies on models of human diseases support the idea that CBD attenuates inflammation far beyond its antioxidant properties, for example, by targeting inflammation related intracellular signaling events. The details on how CBD targets inflammatory signaling remain to be defined. The therapeutic utility of CBD is a relatively new area of investigation that portends new discoveries on the interplay between inflammation and oxidative stress, a relationship that underlies tissue and organ damage in many human diseases.”

Ongoing research from all over the world has further defined the mechanisms of CBD and has also extensively corroborated the use of CBD to treat a wide ranging list of conditions. Here is a partial listing of conditions which can be helped by CBD therapy. If you click on the highlighted disease name links on this web page, you will be led to more links to various articles which explain how CBD helps these disease conditions.

Research in this new field of health care medicine will continue to grow and will substantiate the efficacy and safety of CBD therapy in treating a wide range of disorders.

Sorting out the ECS and how CBD works

Exactly how CBD exerts its therapeutic effects has been fairly well worked out and understood, and is largely based on the discovery of the chemical anandamide, which is the endogenous cannabinoid produced in our bodies. Anandamide was discovered in 1992.

If not for THC, the discovery of anandamide may have been delayed. Back in the late 1980s, researchers observed that THC fits into special receptors in the brain and central nervous system which, at that time, were not understood. The reasoning followed that if we have this complex network of receptors (the ECS), then we must produce some kind of endogenous chemicals in our own biochemistry which bind to this receptor mechanism. Eventually anandamide was discovered to be the endogenous binding chemical (ligand), and was subsequently named after the Sanskrit word ananda, which means bliss, for the blissful sensations it produces.

As it turns out, CBD has little binding affinity to either the CB1 or CB2 endocannabinoid receptors. Instead, CBD indirectly stimulates endogenous cannabinoid signaling by suppressing the enzyme known as fatty acid amide hydroxylase (FAAH). The function of this enzyme is to break down anandamide.

Thus, anandamide is the “endogenous” cannabinoid ligand and binds to the ECS receptors. Anandamide favors the CB1 receptor, which in mammals is concentrated in the brain and central nervous system. Because the FAAH enzyme is responsible for breaking down anandamide, suppressed FAAH activity (by CBD) means more anandamide remains present in the body for longer duration. More anandamide means greater CB1 activation.

By inhibiting the enzyme that metabolizes and breaks down anandamide, CBD causes an increase in anandamide levels and thus enhances the body’s innate protective ECS responses. CBD also powerfully opposes the action of THC at the CB1 receptor, thereby muting the psychoactive effect of THC when used in combination. In other actions, CBD stimulates the release of 2-AG, another of our endocannabinoids, which activates both CB1 and CB2 receptors.

There is further complexity to CBD and ECS receptor science which won’t be detailed here except to mention in passing a few other pertinent receptors in play which CBD influences. Some of these receptors are the vanilloid receptor (also known as the TRPV-1 receptor), the adenosine receptor, the serotonin family of receptors, and the GPR55 receptor. These other ECS receptors are referenced and briefly explained in this writing.

Legality concerns

Cannabis is still classified as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined by the DEA (the federal government) as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. This unfortunate classification has complicated and interfered with research and medical trials and a healthy realistic understanding of how CBD can assist human health. Much misunderstanding about the differences between THC and CBD has resulted in fostering unnecessary cognitive bias and limited mindset attitudes about this important subject.

However, as it turns out, agricultural hemp was excluded from the Controlled Substance Act. CBD, which is derived from the hemp plant, is neither included in or excluded from the CSA. In a milestone development, the legal production and sale of hemp was signed into law by President Obama in 2014. The 2018 Farm Bill permanently removed hemp derived cannabinoids from the CSA. CBD is no longer a controlled substance under federal law.

However, since cannabis cannot be transported across state lines, there exists another layer of unfortunate interference in acceptance of phytocannabinoids as a legitimate substance to help our health. Please see this article to further understand some of these confusing regulations.

To get a feeling for the ignorance, fear, and bias which drives some of the resistance to legalizing cannabis, please read the news article in reading reference #9 below. Watch the short video in this article, from January 23, 2019, showing the Attorney General of South Carolina and some like-minded white coat people denouncing the legalization of medical marijuana in their state. In consideration of the amount of accepted peer reviewed research based evidence, as well as the safe and successful clinical usage of CBD, this kind of resistant stance is laughable, and unfortunately so for all South Carolinians.

Due to the the stigma and biases associated with the “war on drugs,” open acceptance of both hemp and psychoactive cannabis as legitimate members of the medical pharmacopeia, is in its early stages.

Using CBD

CBD is obtained from agricultural hemp which has now grown into a large industry. See the 28 minute video in reading reference #14 below to get an understanding of one very large hemp farm operation. The hemp plant has been developed into a variety of good uses down through the ages. Here is a brief history of the plant and its uses.

The hemp plant yields many useful products. In terms of the considerations of this writing, it is useful to note the following: hemp seed oil is a useful product with health benefits, but it is not the source of CBD. Hemp seed oil is rich in omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids and has antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. The hemp extract CBD only comes from the flower of the plant.

Ordinarily, hemp contains negligible trace amounts of THC. By current set definition, hemp becomes marijuana when a plant’s THC content exceeds 0.3%.

The numerous CBD oil products on the market continue to grow in number. The oil is either taken orally as a liquid, a gel cap, as an edible, or it can be absorbed through the skin by the ease of the transdermal route. Vaping is also used as a mode of delivery. The dosing is easy to titrate by each individual. One should notice effects in 20 to 60 minutes.

The most efficient route is the oral route as a sublingual absorption. The peak is faster and there is less burden on the liver for metabolism of the CBD. The oral route can also be used as in swallowing a edible or a gel cap. However, in this case, there will be a delayed onset due to inefficiency of getting therapeutic levels. This is because the ingested CBD will pass first from the gut to the liver where much of it will be metabolized in what is known as “first pass” liver loss.

The most likely undesirable side effect of using CBD will be too deep of a relaxation effect, which usually just feels like tiredness. For some, feeling quite relaxed, or too relaxed, is such a rare state that it feels like an altered state. For this reason it is often recommended to start one’s dosing experimentation at night, and note the residual effect the next morning. Dosing strength can be modified based on one’s perception of any residual morning effect. The drowsiness side effect tends to go away after several weeks of usage.

One should start low, and go slow. The best starting dose is 10-15 mg. of phytocannabinoid. Doses can go as high as 100-120 mg. without negative effects, but such dosing is usually not necessary or indicated. The average dosing is 10-30 mg./day if the CBD is a full spectrum blend of whole plant synergistic cannabinoids.

The dose response curve for CBD is bell shaped. This practically means that one should try to find their optimal peak dose without exceeding their peak dose. Exceeding one’s optimal peak dose results in diminishing effectiveness.

Much higher dosing, such as dosing over 200 mg., can result in:

• dry mouth
• lowered blood pressure
• lightheadedness or dizziness
• nausea
• sleepiness or drowsiness
• increased tremors in Parkinson’s disease
• headaches

Cannabis is nonaddictive. The U.S. federal government puts THC addiction at about 4%. CBD addiction is nonexistent. What’s more, you can’t die from a cannabis overdose as your brainstem, which controls your breathing and heart rate, has virtually no cannabinoid receptors.

An important caveat to consider when using CBD

CBD is an inhibitor of certain liver enzymes which are important in metabolizing pharmaceuticals. If the liver enzyme is inhibited by CBD, then the drugs which are also metabolized by the same enzymes can accumulate into undesirable high levels in the body. The liver enzymes in question are all phase I liver detoxification enzymes which go by the designations of CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Most pharmaceuticals are metabolized by these liver enzyme pathways.

Phase I and II liver detoxification pathways were explained in an earlier website writing entitled Detoxification.

CBD itself  is metabolized by the phase I liver detoxification enzyme known as CYP3A4. This enzyme also metabolizes many pharmaceutical drugs. Because of this one should start at a lower dosing of CBD if one is using the pharmaceuticals which are metabolized by the same enzyme system. CBD will take up the CYP3A4 liver detox enzymes and occupy their activity. This leaves less of this enzyme to metabolize the pharmaceutical, and thus, the activity of the drug may increase in the system in a deleterious way.

See this writing on CYP3A4, and scroll down to the list of pharmaceutical substrates which are metabolized by this enzyme. This would be the list of drugs to be aware of if using CBD. If there is going to be a serious negative effect from using CBD, it will be in those who are using these drugs. An overdose effect of the drug could occur.

CBD is also an inhibitor of CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 phase I liver detox enzymes. Pharmaceuticals metabolized by these enzyme pathways may also be affected by CBD usage. You can scroll down these linked pages to the listing of substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of these enzymes to get some sense of how CBD might affect the liver metabolism of certain drugs which are metabolized by these enzymes.

Furthermore, a significant percentage of people have either heterozygous or homozygous mutations  of the 3 liver enzymes discussed in this section of the Journal. If the enzyme function has been altered because of a mutation, then the metabolism of the CBD and the pharmaceutical will also be altered. Such mutations can only be known by genetic testing, such as is offered by 23andMe and other genomics laboratories. Pharmacogenomics, the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs, is currently an undervalued science.

Designs for Health’s CBD and hemp oil products

Designs for Health, which is the nutritional supplement company I have recommended for the past 15 years, has produced 5 effective CBD products. In addition, DFH also offers an omega 3 fish oil product which contains hemp oil (from the hemp seed) phytocannabinoids. These products are described below.

100% of the hemp used to make the 4 CBD products come from flowers from American farms and are grown under the 2018 Farm Bill. For more understanding of the Farm Bill and hemp, please see this article…Farm Bill Quietly Ends the Ban on Hemp in the U.S. Please recall that CBD comes from the hemp flower. The hemp seed yields an oil rich in omega 3 and 6 fatty acids which has anti inflammatory effects. The hemp seed does not contain CBD.

Of the 4 CBD products, 2 are in capsule form in 2 different concentration strengths and 2 are in liquid form, also in 2 different concentration strengths. The capsule soft gel forms are Cannab-FS 450 and Cannab-FS 900. The liquid forms are Cannab-FS 300 and Cannab-FS 600. The FS designation stands for “full spectrum.”

Cannab-FS formulations are comprised of a full spectrum extract of hemp, delivering the naturally occurring phytocannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, as nature intended, rather than a single cannabinoid isolate. Referred to as “the entourage effect,” this synergy among the plant’s various compounds makes the plant extract found in Cannab-FS more effective than any of its individual fractions in isolation. Multiple phytocannabinoids work in concert as a cannabinoid system modulator by increasing the receptors’ affinity to enhance endogenous anandamide activity or by reducing enzymatic anandamide degradation by the FAAH enzyme.

Early cannabis research discovered that the numerous “inactive” compounds in cannabis worked together to enhance the activity of endogenous cannabinoids, anandamide, and 2‑AG. The term “entourage effect” was coined for this synergistic effect that distinguished powerful cannabinoid products. Today, the “entourage effect” more specifically refers to the synergistic interactions between phytocannabinoids and terpenes and indicates a product’s supportive potential. The entourage effect is vital to ensure the beneficial value of cannabinoids.  The entourage effect relies on the presence of terpenes, an important class of compounds produced by C. sativa, contributing to its characteristic aroma and promoting the beneficial activity of phytocannabinoids.

The Cannab-FS 300 delivers 300 mg. per bottle (30 ml.) of full spectrum phytocannabinoids in a liquid form. One milliliter of this oil based formula (1 dropperful) yields 10 mg. of active phytocannabinoid. Additional terpenes are included for taste enhancement.

Cannab-PEA 300 combines 300 mg of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) with 10 mg of standardized full-spectrum phytocannabinoids per capsule for a synergistic effect to support endocannabinoid signaling and a normal pain response. It utilizes the innovative ComboCap delivery to combine powder and liquid into one capsule.

Cannab-FS 900 provides 900 mg full spectrum phytocannabinoids per bottle, yielding 15 mg. of active phytocannabinoids per serving. It features full spectrum phytocannabinoids derived from hemp.

Cannab-FS Hi-Po is a highly potent phytocannabinoid formula, delivering 1,500 mg per bottle of full-spectrum phytocannabinoids – the beneficial compounds naturally found in the Cannabis hemp plant. Unlike competing products, Cannab-FS Hi-Po includes CBD (cannabidiol) and other phytocannabinoids from full spectrum hemp flower extract. It also contains terpenes, aromatic compounds from the hemp plant that work synergistically with phytocannabinoids, complementing their health-promoting properties.

For the sake of completeness, the hemp seed oil product is described here. In its impressive suite of omega fatty acid products DFH also has an omega fat compound which is called CannabOmega. This supplement contains 10 mg. of hemp seed phytocannabinoids in one soft gel. CannabOmeg is a unique omega-3 formulation, combining a 1:1 ratio of EPA/DHA omega 3 fats, along with the 10 mg. of standardized hemp seed oil phytocannabinoids. This product does not contain CBD because it is based on hemp oil from the seeds of the plant, and not the flowers.

The omega-3 fatty acids found in the CannabOmega product are best known for their neuroprotective properties and their roles in brain health, including support for healthy mood and cognition. CannabOmega also provides synergistic support for cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune health. The fish oils in this product are in the triglyceride (TG) form for superior absorption and bioavailability. Their presence in this product helps to increase the bioavailability of the phytocannabinoids.

Concluding Remarks

In a past Journal written in August, 2016, I explored my theory about how all disease states arise from common causal factors. This particular Journal had a special focus on the now common neurodegenerative disease conditions, and began by registering these points:

• All chronic diseases exist on the same spectrum of biochemical and pathological change.
• There are common causes of all of the degenerative diseases on this continuum.
• All disease states can be prevented, improved, or healed, by altering the negative lifestyle choices and biochemistry which the individual is practicing.
• Degenerative disease states have become pandemic in our current culture.
• At the present time, the medical industry is neither oriented nor practiced to help people heal chronic degenerative diseases at the root causes of the condition.

It is now widely accepted that the base foundational cause of all disease conditions is inflammatory chemistry. Inflammatory biochemical cascades initiate with activity of the molecule known as Nf-KB, which stands for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Research on this proinflammatory signaling pathway and its role in human disease has grown into a very large body of accepted biochemical knowledge.

Found in almost all animal cell types, Nf-KB is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokine signaling molecules, free radicals, heavy metals, ultraviolet irradiation, oxidized LDL, and bacterial or viral antigens.

A well known thought leader in the field of human health is Dr. David Perlmutter, M.D., a neurologist who I refer to often in the Journal writings which deal with neurological and metabolic conditions. In a recent writing, Dr. Perlmutter affirms the bullet point concepts listed above. He goes on to base the context of this writing on the treatment benefits of using CBD to treat the major underlying cause of chronic disease conditions, which is inflammation.

Here are some of Dr. Perlmutter’s comments on this subject:

“It is certainly clear that our most pervasive chronic conditions share a common feature in terms of their underlying cause. Whether we are talking about coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, depression, rheumatoid arthritis, or even Alzheimer’s disease, what current medical literature reveals is the powerful role that inflammation plays in these and other common conditions.”

“Ultimately, the main issue with higher levels of inflammation that manifests as damage to tissue is the fact that when inflammation has been turned on, it increases the production of damaging free radicals, a situation we call oxidative stress. When oxidative stress is running rampant, damage occurs to our proteins, and fat, and even our DNA.”

“Over the years there has been extensive research looking at how increasing the availability of antioxidants might help to protect our bodies against these damaging free radicals. But recognizing that the upstream instigator of this problem, to a significant degree, is inflammation, allows us to redirect our targeting in order to protect our body’s tissues.”

“I have written extensively about how reducing dietary sugar and carbohydrates, while at the same time increasing dietary consumption of good fats along with dietary fiber, goes a long way towards reducing inflammation. Emerging research now demonstrates that cannabidiol (CBD) has significant potential in terms of limiting inflammation and downstream effects in terms of free radicals as well.”

Summary 

CBD is safe to use on a daily basis and has therapeutic benefit due to the fact that it reduces inflammatory chemical cascades which result in all of our known disease conditions. The research and clinical science about the cannabinoid family of compounds is extensive and substantiates the safety and efficacy of these compounds. This Journal introduces some of the basic science of CBD and the ECS, as well as 8 safe and effective hemp based products from Designs for Health.

The CBD cannabinoids work through the ECS. The endocannabinoid system is one of the major systems responsible for maintaining homeostatic balance in the body. The ECS helps regulate breathing, GI motility, neuroprotection, mood, the sleep/wake cycle, blood pressure, tumor surveillance, immune response, hormone balance, reproduction, and a number of other biochemical and physiological processes.

As stated by Israeli researcher Raphael Mechoulam, Ph.D., the grandfather of cannabinoid science, “I can’t list all of the physiological systems and conditions impacted by cannabis because there are too many.”

CBD cannabinoids have extensive therapeutic potential in human health. The ECS is a biochemical and physiological system of major importance which is slowly being recognized in the halls of clinical science for its therapeutic potential.

Thank you for reading.

Signing off from Crestone and Beyond

Related Reading and References

The following listing of articles will be continually updated and will show a small fraction of the growing body of information on this subject. Please check back from time to time for new research and reading.

1. Beginner’s Guide To The Endocannabinoid System–The Reason Why Our Bodies So Easily Process Cannabis…this is a good review article on the state of the knowledge as of 2015.
2. Cannabinoids in health and disease…a long scholarly article from 2007 by the Israeli researcher Raphael Mechoulam, Ph.D., who did most of the early defining research on the ECS, THC, and CBD.
3. The Scientist–Are we missing something?…the story of Raphael Mechoulam…recommended.
4. Why Is CBD Everywhere?…with the typical style of catchy journalistic spin that I have grown accustomed to from The NYT, here is an October, 2018 treatment of this question.
5. Medical cannabis significantly safer for elderly with chronic pain than Opioids…a February, 2018 article on this important subject.
6. The Brightfield Study…a medical group in Chicago publishes results in 2017 of  the largest study  of 2400 users of CBD. The results listed on this page are impressive benchmarks.
7. CBD and Chronic Pain…a nice writing from Dr. David Brady.
8. Biosynthesis: The Science That May Unlock the Potential of Medical Cannabis…this is a very helpful infographic type of article whose nice illustrations cover much of the above, and also covers the subject of biosynthesis of the cannabinoid compounds.
9. SC police, doctors fighting medical marijuana; AG calls it US’s ‘most dangerous drug’…a January 23, 2019 article from the Charleston Post and Courier which may help you understand how far some states are going to have to go to overcome stupidity and bias about cannabis. Make sure you watch the short video of the Attorney General denouncing cannabis, and read the comments of the citizens.
10. State Marijuana Laws in 2018 Map…a map of the US showing where the 50 state stands on cannabis legalities.
11. The Biology and Potential Therapeutic Effects of Cannabidiol…an official June, 2015 summary from the NIH whose officials concur that CBD modulation of the ECS has therapeutic potential in almost all conditions affecting humans.
12. WHO’s “Critical Report Review” of CBD…this 2018 assessment from the World Health Organization is very favorable to CBD…”CBD is safe and well tolerated, not associated with negative public health effects, and is not associated with abuse potential.”
13. Terpenes–Potentially Healthful Aromatics…this DFH article explains the terpene entourage effect mentioned in the writing above, and also why a walk in the forests is so good for us.
14. CBD-A New Tool for Irritable Bowel…in this excellent science brief from Designs for Health, the therapeutic role of using CBD to treat Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel is presented.
15. Censoring Speech and Stealing Nature the FDA Way…FDA obstruction to CBD acceptance is on full display in this 2-7-19 news brief from the Alliance for Natural Health.
16. Cannabidiol May Reduce Intestinal Inflammation…a study from PLOS ONE is summarized here showing that CBD reduces intestinal inflammation.
17. Is the New York Times Picking on the Science for CBD?…here is an account of the journalism from the NYT.
18. Is hemp the valley’s crop of the future?…this writing is by my Crestone friend Matie Belle Lakish and was published in our local March 2019 Crestone Eagle newspaper. Hemp will become a sustainable cash crop in many types of agricultural environments.
19. CBD Oil: The Basics…a nice short summary of the subject.
20. The Endocannabinoid System and the Gut…the major functions of the ECS in the gut are well covered here.
21. FDA’s Absurd Logic on CBD…it seems like the FDA is positioning itself to turn CBD into a very expensive drug and prohibit its use as a safe nutritional supplement.
22. The Dual Power of Omega-3s and Cannabinoids…omega-3 fatty acids and cannabinoids modulate inflammatory pathways.
23. Cannabis for Pain Management…the role of cannabinoids in pain management is covered here.
24. CBD–Offering Hope for Anxiety…CBD works well for anxiety and has no abuse potential. This article is from Dr. Perlmutter’s website.
25. Interaction of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals with lymphocytes…an in-depth article from the July, 2019 Journal of Neuroimmunology which explores the complexity of neurochemical and immune system interaction. The endocannabinoid system interaction with the immune system is covered.
26. The Beauty of the Full Spectrum of the Cannabinoids…a deeper look into the players in the cannabinoid entourage effect.
27. Phytocannabinoids–A New Type of Antibiotic…cannabinoids have antibiotic properties and the ECS is immunomodulatory.
28. Mayo Clinician’s Guide to Cannabidiol and Hemp Oil…an overview from the Mayo Clinical Proceedings. This review is based on a PubMed search using the terms CBD, cannabidiol, hemp oil, and medical marijuana. Articles were screened for relevance, and those with the most up-to-date information were selected for inclusion.
29. Cannabis for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Therapy…a Canadian study shows that cannabis is effective in PTSD therapy.
30. Your CBD Questions Answered…Chris Kresser and cohort answer many questions about CBD in this informative one hour long interview, posted here on 12-16-19.
31. The Endocannabinoid System and the Gut…the major receptors of the endocannabinoid system, along with their synthesizing and degrading enzymes, are found in the digestive system. The ECS modulates gut inflammatory response, motility, communication with the brain, weight, energy balance and metabolism, and intestinal permeability.
32. Can Transdermal Cannabidiol Help Reduce Inflammation and Pain?…posted here on 10-2-20 is a description of the benefits of transdermal CBD.
33. Cannabis Compound Inhibits COVID-19 Replication in Human Lung Cells, Study Says…posted here on 3-21-21. “In a study undergoing peer review, the CBD compound from cannabis has been found to stop COVID-19 replication in lung epithelial cells, suggesting the plant medicine holds yet another astounding quality. Furthermore, observational data from patients who were taking CBD before they were tested for coronavirus showed that its use was associated with a significantly lower infection incidence rate than those not taking CBD.”